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(2009)
(2007)
The need for a latrine pit lining depends upon the type of latrine under construction and the condition of the soil. Septic tanks and aqua privies, for example, require watertight compartments so their pits are always lined. For a pit latrine, however, it is only necessary to line the pit if there is a possibility that it will collapse during its life span. This guide examines the methods and …
The addition of a vent pipe to a simple pit latrine is one way of reducing the nuisance of flies in the cubicle if the cubicle is kept clean and dark. This type of latrine is called a ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine. VIP latrines effectively control odour and flies while still allowing users to clean themselves with hard materials such as newspaper and leaves which may not suitable for use …
Perceptions of what constitutes an ‘emergency’ vary between personnel and between organisations. Generally, an emergency may be considered to be the result of a man-made and/or natural disaster, whereby there is a serious, often sudden, threat to the health of the affected community which has great difficulty in coping without external assistance.
This book has been written to help all …
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